We can only speculate that these experiences inspired him to emulate the Seville landmark when, in 1888, he won the commission to design a theater complex at the northeast corner of New York’s Madison Square, at 26th Street and Madison Avenue. He may also have read an 1885 issue of the leading professional magazine, American Architect, which featured floor plans, elevations and illustrations of the Giralda. Instead of seeing the real Spain, White saw it in his imagination in the opera The Barber of Seville, whose performance he noted in a letter to his mother. If he had made it to Seville, he would no doubt have been impressed by the Giralda’s own amalgam of styles, from its Roman foundation stones, up its Almohad square shaft with decorative sebka masonry, blind arches, balconies and lobed windows, past its 30-meter-high (100'), five-level baroque belfry, added in the mid-16th century by Hernan Ruiz, and culminating in a weather vane in the shape of an allegorical female figure of Faith holding a shield and palm frond and spinning atop a ball pivot. These and all of White’s buildings display elements of the Beaux Arts esthetic, which he had studied in Paris, a wildly creative amalgam of Classical, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque elements and references.Īs a student at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris in 1878, White traveled in southern France and Italy-but not as far as Spain-absorbing all architectural traditions. Stanford White (1853–1906) was the leading architect of America’s “gilded age” at the turn of the 20th century, responsible for such New York City landmarks as the First Bowery Savings Bank, the Washington Square Arch and Judson Memorial Church. And such was the talent of a single American architect, Stanford White of the New York firm McKim, Mead and White, that his homage to the Giralda, the Madison Square Garden tower (begun in 1889, completed a year later), would become a template for grandiose corporate towers all over the United States. Such was the influence of the classic Almohad minaret, as seen in the Kutubiyya of Marrakesh (begun in 1158, completed in 1195), the unfinished Hassan minaret in Rabat (begun in 1195) and, most famously, the Giralda of Seville (begun in 1184, completed in 1198). Magnetic storage also became more popular in this era.Hen the Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu’min ibn Ali left his Berber stronghold in North Africa to invade Al-Andalus in 1146, he could hardly have imagined that, along with his army and his reformist faith, he was crossing the Straits of Gibraltar with an architectural archetype that-700 years later-would be copied, adapted and rebuilt again and again in America. It was during this time that many high-level programming languages were gaining widespread use, programming languages such as C, Pascal, COBOL and FORTRAN. Suddenly computers became more affordable, and soon programmers and technology enthusiasts became more numerous, leading to further developments in the field of computer programming as well as in computer hardware. This revolutionized computing, as it was now possible to create smaller, cheaper computers that were multitudes faster than pre-microchip era computers. The third generation was brought about by advances in the manufacture of transistors scientists and engineers where able to make transistors smaller and smaller, which led to entire circuits fitting onto a single piece of silicon, now known as the integrated circuit or microchip. Third generation computers were developed around 1964 to 1971, though different sources contradict each other by one or two years. Techopedia Explains Third Generation Computers
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